![]() ![]() The operando X-ray imaging analysis ensured that the regimes correlated with the defined process parameters. Specifically, these three regimes were induced by printing cubes out of austenitic Stainless steel (316 L) on a mini-LPBF device with operando high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging and signal acquisition with the developed heterogeneous sensing system. The signals captured different phenomena related to the LPBF process zone and were used to classify three regimes: Lack of Fusion (LoF), conduction mode and Keyhole. The proposed hybrid DL model was trained on signals obtained from a heterogeneous time-synced sensing system consisting of four sensors, namely back reflection (BR), Visible, Infra-Red (IR), and structure-borne Acoustic Emission (AE). As a part of this work, we try to bridge this gap by developing a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model by combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) that can operate over variable time-scales. However, the in situ monitoring strategies based on classifying processing regimes reported in the literature so far operate on signals of fixed length in time, constraining the generalization of the trained ML model by not allowing monitoring processes with heterogeneous laser scanning strategies. Additionally, mitigations to repair the discrepancies can also be performed. Indeed, the primary advantage of in situ monitoring over post-mortem analysis is that the process can be stopped in case of discrepancies, saving resources. To this aim, the recent advances in sensorization and processing of the associated signals using Machine Learning (ML) techniques have made in situ monitoring a viable alternative to post-mortem techniques such as X-ray tomography or ultrasounds for the assessment of parts. While the instrument head moves in the X, Y and Z axes, the part being measured remains stationary.Harnessing the full potential of the metal-based Laser Powder Bed Fusion process (LPBF) relies heavily on how effectively the overall reliability and stability of the manufactured part can be ensured. Its unique carbon fiber composite X-axis beam exhibits superior noise-dampening characteristics, while its light weight contributes to measurement speed. SmartScope® Flash™ 635 (635 x 635 x 200 mm) – Provides measurement speed and stability. This design assures rapid, smooth part translation and robust measurement performance. An extended Y-axis travel of 610 mm is optional and either 300 mm or 400 mm extended Z-axis travel is available. Parts move on a precision DC motor-driven Y-axis stage while the optics assembly travels in the X-axis across a stable bridge cross member. SmartScope® Flash™ 500 (Contact us for XYZ Stage Travel details) – Offers all the great Flash features and performance in a large, travel bridge-design system. It also comes standard with a TTL coaxial illuminator and patented LED SmartRing™ light. A high-quality auto calibrating AccuCentric® 12:1 zoom lens provides excellent optical performance over its entire range. It contains a unique “elevating bridge” design and axial straightness and perpendicularity are built in to meet stringent volumetric specifications. Add optional through-the-lens (TTL) laser, touch probe or micro-probe to configure a highly capable multisensor system. With an expansive Z-axis of 250 mm (10 in.) to accommodate large parts, it combines state-of-the-art video and autofocus to deliver high productivity. SmartScope® Flash™ 302 (300 x 300 x 250 mm) – One of the most versatile benchtop systems OGP offers. It’s ideal for a wide variety of manufacturing industries including metalworking, plastics, biomedical, electronics, automotive, aerospace and more. Its heavy cast base and rigid steel column provide metrology integrity so accuracy can be maintained in real world environments. Like all Flash systems, it is equipped with OGP® Measure-X® metrology software and 12:1 AccuCentric® zoom optics. Its large 300 mm X travel makes it the system of choice for measuring critical dimensions of long parts on a benchtop machine. SmartScope® Flash™ 250 (300 x 150 x 200 mm) – A compact machine designed for easy access to the XY stage for maximum fixturing flexibility. SmartRing™ light is standard for the ultimate flexibility in surface illumination. The computer controlled LED array backlight tracks X-axis motion of the optics with no moving parts. It also has patented innovations that let users do more, faster. Innovative design features of “elevating bridge” and an embedded computer mean the system takes up little space on a benchtop while providing an ample measuring range and extensive measurement capabilities. SmartScope® Flash™ 200 (200 x 200 x 150 mm) – The smallest member of the Flash family of systems is a full-featured automatic measurement system.
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